Endocrine Gland	Activity 
Stimulated by:	Endocrine Gland Affected By:	Cell Type	Hormone Produced	Target Cells	Result Of Activity	Disorders Associated w/ Hyper Secretion	Disorders Associated w/ Hypo Secretion	
Anterior Pituitary
	
Blood Sugar	
GHRH	
1.Somatotrophs

   (Acidophil)	
hGH	
General Body Cells (especially muscle, cartilage, bones)	
Growth, general body building, tissue repair	
Child - Giantism	
Child - Pituitary Dwarfism	
	
Blood Cortisol	
CRH	
2.Corticotrophs

   (Basophil)	
ACTH	
Adrenal Cortex 
(Zona Reticularis)	
Secrete Androgens
           (mainly DHEA)			
		
CRH		
ACTH	
(Zona Fasciculata) 	
Secrete Glucocorticoids
          (mainly cortisol)			
		
MRH		
MSH	
Melanocytes	
Produce Melanin 
(Skin Pigment)			
		
PRH	
3.Lactotrophs

   (Acidophil)	
PRL	
Women - Mammary Glands

Men - Unknown
	
Women - Milk Production

Men - Unknown
	
Women - Galactorrhea, amenorrhea

Men - Erectile Dys., Infertility
	
Women -     milk 
secretion	
	
Blood Iodine
T3, T4
	
TRH	
4.Thyrotrophs

   (Basophil)	
TSH	
Thyroid	
Production of T3, T4			
	
Estrogen		
5.Gonadotrophs

   (Basophil)	
FSH	
Ovaries	
Produce estrogen, Initiate Follicle Development. 		
Sterility in Men & Women	
	
Testosterone				
Testes	
Spermatogenesis			
	
Estrogen alone generates GnRH	
GnRH		
FSH & LH	
Ovaries	
Maturation of the Follicle			
	Very High Estrogen/ progesterone & testosterone	GnRH	LH Surge for Ovulation	LH	Ovaries
Corpus Luteum
Leydig's Cells	Ovulation
Produce Progesterone
Produce Testosterone		Women - miscarriage, irregular menses
Women/Men - sterility
	
Thyroid Gland	Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH)	Thyroid Stimulating Hormone	1. Follicular cells	T3, T4	General Body Cells	Growth and development regulate metabolism, nervous system reactivity	Grave's Disease
Exopthalmos
Basal metabolic rate
Goiter	Child - cretinism
Adult - myxedema	
		
Blood Ca++	
2. Parafollicular cells (“C” cells)	
Calcitonin	
Bones ( osteoblasts)	
Blood Ca++ by using the 
Ca++ to build bones	Unknown	Unknown	
									
Endocrine Gland	Activity 
Stimulated by:	Endocrine Gland Affected By:	Cell Type	Hormone Produced	Target Cells	Result Of Activity	Disorders Associated w/ Hyper Secretion	Disorders Associated w/ Hypo Secretion	
Parathyroid		
Blood Ca++	
1. Chief cells	
PTH	Bones (osteoclasts) Kidney tubules
Kidneys	
Demineralize bone to 
 Blood Ca++	Excess bone demineralization = brittle bones	Muscle tetany	
			
2. Oxyphil cells	
Unknown		
			
Kidneys		
Blood O2		
Erythropoietin	
Red bone marrow	
RBC Production	Polycythemia	Anemia	
	
Blood Ca++	
PTH		
Calcitriol	
GI tract	
Dietary Ca++ absorption			
Thymus		Viruses		Thymopoietin & others	Foreign Bodies	Proliferation, maturation of T-Lymphocytes		Immunity	

Heart Atria		
  Blood pressure or blood volume		
ANP	Blood vessels &
Kidney Tubules	Vasodilaton occurs.
 BP & Blood Volume both Decrease			
Skin		Sunlight		Vitamin D	Kidney Cells	Convert Vitamin D to calcitriol			
Pineal Gland	
Sunlight	
Hypothalamus to secrete less norepinephrine	
1. pinealocytes	
Melatonin	
Unknown	
Affects diurnal clock	
Sleepiness - S.A.D.
                    - Jet Lag	
Insomnia	
	
Sunlight	
More norepinephrine	
2. pinealocytes	
Melatonin	
Unknown				
Adrenal Gland	
B.P., 

K+	
Rennin/
Angiotensin	
1.Cortex
a.Zona glomerulosa
	
Mineralcorticoids
(Aldosterone)	
Kidney Tubules 
Smooth muscle of arterioles	
H2O, Na++ reabsorption, 
K+ secretion, vasoconstriction - B.P.	
Aldosteronism	
Unknown	

CRH	

ACTH	

b.Zona fasciculata	

Glucocorticoids
        (cortisol)	

General Body Cells	Anti-inflammatory response provides resistance to stress by keeping blood in a "ready state" w/ Gluconeogenesis & Protein Catabolism	

Cushing's Syndrome	

Addison's Disease	
	
CRH	
ACTh	
c.Zona reticularis	Androgens - DHEA (Which can be converted to Estrogen)	
General Body Cells	Axillary, pubic hair, pre-pubertal growth, post menopausal estrogen

Women - sex drive, facial hair
	
Men/Women - Virilizing adenoma		
	
Stress
Blood Sugar	
Hypothalamus to secrete acetylcholine	
2.Medulla
(Chromaffin Cells)	
Epinephrine
(adrenaline)
Norepinephrine	
General Body Cells	
"Fight-or-Flight" response	
State of Fatigue		
									
Endocrine Gland	Activity 
Stimulated by:	Endocrine Gland Affected By:	Cell Type	Hormone Produced	Target Cells	Result Of Activity	Disorders Associated w/ Hyper Secretion	Disorders Associated w/ Hypo Secretion	
Posterior Pituitary		
 Osmotic pressure (thirstiness)	
Hormones made in hypothalamus are stored here	
ADH	
Blood Vessels
Renal Tubules
Sweat Glands	
Vasoconstriction
H2O re-absorption
Sweat production		
Diabetes Insipidus	
		
Nursing Infant/ Uterine Distention		
Oxytocin	
Mammary Glands
Uterus (myometrium)	
"Letting-Down" of Milk
Uterine Contractions			
Ovaries	
GnRH	
FSH	
1.Follicle Cells
2.Follicle	
Estrogen	
General Body Cells	
Blood Cholesterol
Produce "Z" Sex Characteristics, initiate follicle development		
No 2O sexual development, sterility (no eggs develop)	
	
GnRH	
FSH & LH	
3.Developing follicle	
Estrogen	
Follicle Cells	
Follicle Maturation			
	
GnRH	
LH	
4.Mature Follicle
5.Corpus Luteum	
Estrogen Progesterone/ Estrogen	
Graffian Follicle
Endometrium/
Mammary Glands	
Ovulation
Prepare Uterus for Implantation
Ready for Milk Secretion		Sterility - No Ovulation 
Insufficient endometrium for implantation/
Miscarriages
Irregular Menses	
				
Inhibin	
Cervix, Vagina	
Enlarge birth canal/ inhibit release of FSH			
				
Relaxin	
Uterus (Myometrium)	
Maintain uterus in a resting state			
Testes	
GnRH	
FSH	
1.Spermatagonia (in Seminiferous Tubules)			
Initiate Spermatogenesis		
Sterility - No Sperm	
		
LH	
2. Leydig's Cells	
Testosterone	
General Body Cells	Protein Synthesis
Fetal - Responsible for male anatomy
2O sexual characteristics
Sex Drive		Fetus - Male anatomy does not develop

No 2O sexual development	
					
Immature Sperm	
Cause maturation		
Sterility (no mature sperm)	
		
Good Sperm Production	
3. Sertoli Cells
(Sustentacular 
cells)	
Inhibin	
Pituitary Gland	
Inhibit FSH - 
Spermatogenesis	
Male Infertility		
									
Endocrine Gland	Activity 
Stimulated by:	Endocrine Gland Affected By:	Cell Type	Hormone Produced	Target Cells	Result Of Activity	Disorders Associated w/ Hyper Secretion	Disorders Associated w/ Hypo Secretion	
Placenta				HCG
Estrogens
Progesterone	Corpus Luteum	Maintain estrogen and progesterone production for pregnancy		Insufficient endometrium = Miscarriage	
				Relaxin	Uterus
Cervix
Pubic Symphysis	Relaxed state
Dilation
More Flexibility (at delivery)			
				HcSommatoma-mmatropin	Mammary Cells	Prepare for Lactation			
Pancreas			
1.Acinar Cells	Totalling 99% of Pancreatic Cellular tissue - secretion of enzymes		
Digestion of specific nutrients			
		
Blood Sugar	
2.Islets of Langerhans
a.     alpha cells	
Glucagon	
General Body Cells, Hepatocytes, Skeletal Muscle	
Blood Sugar by glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis	
Hyperglycemia caused by tumor		
		
Blood Sugar
Glucagon
Acetylcholine
HGH	
b.     beta cels	
Insulin	
General Body Cells	
Blood sugar by getting 
sugar into cells, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, protein anabolism	
Hypoglycemia	
Hyperglycemia - diabetes mellitus	
			
c.     delta cells	
Somatostatin (Paracrine)	
Alpha & Beta cells	
Inhibits release of both glucagon & insulin
GI absorption		
May lead to diabetes mellitus	
		
Protein Meals,
Exercise	
d.     F cells	
Pancreatic Polypeptide	
Pancreatic Acinar Cells	
Inhibits Pancreatic Enzymes